Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

In this research, we fabricated a Porous alumina template with nano meter funnel pores, that using two anodizing steps with different voltages by the electrochemical method. FE-SEM analysis was used to determine the pores morphology of the templates, that shows the funnel pores which are formed as a result of voltage reduction in the second anodization. In this process, by creating funnel pores, we were able to increase the porosity and the specific surface area of the Porous alumina template, which can increase the electrical capacitance of the template as a capacitor dielectric from 6 pF to 50 pF at a frequency of 50 kHz. Use of this template as a capacitor dielectric would be a more effective method to improve the capacitance of capacitors. Also, by measuring the electrical capacity and loss of the samples, the conductivity at different frequencies were calculated.

Background: Porous materials are recommended for orthopedic applications as they eliminate issues of interfacial instability with tissues and reduce mechanical mismatch of the young’, s modulus. Objective: The current research provides a finite element analysis (FEA) to investigate Porous gyroid Ti6Al4V structure compared to a solid stem model for human tibial-knee implantation of total knee replacement (TKR). Material and Methods: In this study, the implant proximal portion was designed as Porous gyroid Ti6Al4V structure with 500 μ, m pore size. CATIA V5R18 was used for modeling both gyroid and full solid models. Structural analysis was carried out using ANSYS R18. 1 to evaluate the implant performance. Results: After gyroid implantation, the maximum von-Mises stress obtained under the tibial tray was increased to 10. 081 MPa. Also, the maximum shear stress at the stem/bone interface was reduced to 0. 7347 MPa. The stress concentration at the stem tip and the bone strain energy were also improved. The minimum factor of safety is 4. 6 for the gyroid Porous implant. A proof of concept model was additively manufactured successfully with pore size 577. 7733 ±,34. 762 μ, m. Conclusion: The results indicated enhanced clinical performance of the Porous tibial-knee implant compared to the solid titanium implant via increasing the maximum von-Mises bone stresses and decreasing the maximum shear stress at the bone/ implant interface.

Application of foam in EOR, increases macroscopic sweep efficiency via awesome increscent of mobility control. Macroscopic manifestation of foam application performance in Porous media is complex process that involves several interacting microscopic foam events. Stability as an important factor in foam injection within large reservoirs, depends on several variables including oil saturation, connate water salinity and the foam texture. In addition to mentioned parameters, internal structure is known to affect the foam’ s stability and performance via influencing foam formation and destruction mechanisms within the Porous media. In this paper we mathematically expressed main mechanism of snap-off for foam generation, mechanisms of capillary suction and diffusion coarsening for foam coalescences in some simplified models. Then we extended the calculations to more realistic 2D spherical models of Porous media which were manufactured applying some morphological parameters. Simulation results show that in topologies in which the structure represents high difference in pore and throat average diameters, foam formation mechanisms are dominant making foam flow more stable while conversely when the path tortuosity is high, foam destruction mechanisms overcome and the stability decreases.

Background: One of the most important challenges after vertebroplasty (VP) and kyphoplasty (KP) is the stress concentration at the junction of bone and cement which would cause not only pain, but also new microfractures or osteonecrosis. We would like to present a new concept of using hexagonal Porous structure. This model is tested biomechanically in comparison with vertebrae treated with VP and KP.Methods: Ten Ovine vertebrae were divided into 5 groups - 2 in each group: the groups included normal vertebrae, VP, KP and vertebrae treated by hexagonal Porous structure as metal pearls (steel or brass). These vertebrae were all put under mechanical static pressure. The displacement and yield points were compared in the 5 groups.Results: The hexagonal metal treated vertebrae showed a displacement of 5.5-6 mm before reaching the ultimate strength of 3.5-4.5 KN. This displacement for VP and KP was 2.5-3 mm. The improvement of mechanical behavior was observed in vertebrae treated by hexsgonal metal pearls compared to those treated by the VP and KP.Conclusions: The toughness of vertebrae by hexsgonal metal pearl treatment increases and this will reduce the stress in vertebral end plates and interdiscal pressure. This would reduce the chance of fracture in the adjacent vertebrae.

In this study, the advantages of Porous implants compared to conventional implants in order to apply a specific type of porosity to the implant most were investigated. The use of Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) in Porous implant design due to its curvature has a high potential in designing variable structures both morphologically and in relative density with respect to its implicit structural equations. The equations of Triply periodic minimal surface are solved using the Grasshopper plugin, and finally the surface of a unit cell is obtained to design Porous structure. One common dental implant and two Porous dental implants with 54% and 65% porosity are modeled on Straumann's catalog according to ITI standard. In static and dynamic loading, forces were inserted into the implant in three different directions according to biomechanical principles. The results showed that after implantation of dental implants, the maximum amount of stress increased in the Porous implants compared to the conventional implants so that it increased from 31. 82 to 98. 93 MPa in the fifth second. And in Porous implants, stress distribution in the cancellous bone is increased compared to the conventional implant. Stress Shielding can be counteracted by porosity of dental implants. In this phenomenon, the implant, due to its much greater strength than the bone, prevents the transfer of stress to the bone, which results in weakening of the bone around the implant. By applying porosity and applying the TPMS to the implant. Stress distribution increase in the cancellous bone.

Due to increasing the heat transfer surface area and providing high capillary pressure with high permeability, Porous structures play a key role in improving the performance of two phase heat transfer devices such as heat pipes. New Porous structures (bi-Porous structures) have two distinct size distribution of pores, of which the small pores provide the capillary pressure required for delivering liquid to the surface and large pores help vapor escape from the surface through increasing its permeability. The main goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the evaporator section of heat pipes and compare the performances of sample biPorous structures. Towards this goal, first the Kovalev modeling technique is applied to determine the possibility of each phase’s existence in pores of different sizes throughout the computational domain. One dimensional heat transfer in a bi-Porous wick is investigated. Inside the domain the conservation equations are solved for each phase and the results such as heat flux versus wall superheat are presented. Thermo-physical properties of the fluid and the matrix like the fluid properties, phase saturation and permeability and the conduction heat transfer coefficient are calculated from the geometry of the matrix and experimental relationships.